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Showing posts with label Preaching. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Preaching. Show all posts

Tuesday, May 27, 2025

2,300 Evenings and Mornings: Trusting God Through Seasons of Rebellion

Exegetical and Theological Analysis of Daniel 8:9–14

        This passage reveals the rise of a “little horn” (קֶֽרֶן) that grows into a powerful force and commits transgression against the host of heaven, the prince of the host, and the holy sanctuary. This oppressive reign is said to last for 2,300 evenings and mornings.

        Structurally, at least five figures or groups are identifiable: (1) the horn (קֶֽרֶן, v. 9), (2) the host (הַצָּבָ֥א, v. 10), (3) the prince of the host (שַׂר־הַצָּבָא, v. 11), (4) the holy one (קָד֖וֹשׁ, v. 13), and (5) the narrator (אֵלַ֔י, v. 13), Daniel himself. Among these, the horn (קֶֽרֶן) is the main antagonistic figure opposing the others, while Daniel remains the observer and narrator.

        The passage begins in verse 9 with a description of the horn’s emergence: “a little horn” (מִצְּעִירָ֑ה) arises from one of the four horns of the goat (v. 8, צְפִיר). The contrast between its small beginning (מִצְּעִירָ֑ה) and its subsequent growth (וַתִּגְדַּל) evokes a picture of progressive empowerment. The root גָּדַל appears in vv. 9–11, signifying increasing greatness or arrogance.

Each verse marks the escalation of this figure’s power:

  • Verse 9 remains within the earthly domain, describing expansion “toward the south, east, and the glorious land” (אֶל־הַנֶּגֶב וְאֶל־הַמִּזְרָח וְאֶל־הַצְּבִי). הַצְּבִי (“glorious land”) is a term also used in Dan 11:16, 41 to describe the land of Israel.
  • Verse 10 shifts into the celestial realm, employing metaphorical language: “it grew great, even to the host of heaven” (עַד־צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם), a phrase often interpreted as referring to angelic beings or the people of God.
  • Verse 11 presents the horn’s climactic arrogance: “he even exalted himself as high as the prince of the host” (וְעַ֥ד שַׂר־הַצָּבָ֖א הִגְדִּ֑יל). According to BDB, the term שַׂר may denote a “ruler of rulers,” and may be interpreted as God Himself.

        Verses 13–14 depict the horn’s downfall, albeit indirectly. The “holy ones” (קָד֜וֹשׁ) inquire about the duration of the desecration, indicating an expectation of eventual vindication. The answer given—2,300 evenings and mornings—marks the limit of the horn’s power.

Apocalyptic and Metaphorical Interpretation

        This passage presents an eschatological figure who had not yet appeared at the time of the vision’s recording. The horn (קֶֽרֶן), a common biblical symbol of strength and power (HALOT), metaphorically represents a powerful ruler or entity. The phrase “host of heaven” (צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם, v. 10) likely references angelic beings, reinforcing the sense that this figure’s rebellion extends into the heavenly sphere, highlighting the exceeding power of this person. Alternatively, it may metaphorically refer to the people of God, as in Exodus 12:41 where Israel is called “all the hosts of the Lord” (כָּל־צִבְאוֹת יְהוָה).

        The use of the Hiphil stem in verse 11 (הִגְדִּ֑יל) intensifies the notion of arrogance and self-exaltation, possibly to the point of blasphemy. This exaltation “against the prince of the host” may typologically point to the Messiah and reveal the horn as a figure of the antichrist. Historically, Antiochus IV Epiphanes—who called himself “God Manifest” (Theos Epiphanēs)—serves as a likely referent, or at least a typological forerunner of this apocalyptic adversary.

        The term אֱמֶת (truth, v. 12) may symbolize the law or the people of God, which are subjected to persecution. The desecration of the sanctuary (קֹֽדֶשׁ) furthers this theme of sacrilege. The 2,300 “evenings and mornings” (v. 14; עַד־עֶרֶב בֹּקֶר אַלְפַּיִם וּשְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת) imply a finite period of oppression, either 1,150 full days (if referring to twice-daily sacrifices) or 2,300 total days. The ambiguity may be intentional, offering theological flexibility. The final phrase, וְנִצְדַּק קֹדֶשׁ, uses the Niphal stem to indicate passive vindication—the sanctuary will be restored by divine intervention.

Lexical and Grammatical Observations

1.    יָצָא קֶרֶן־אַחַת מִצְּעִירָה (v. 9): The verb יָצָא (“came forth”) agrees in number with קֶרֶן (“horn”), maintaining syntactic coherence. The source of the horn is nearer syntactically to הָאַחַ֣ת than to מֵהֶ֔ם (plural), indicating that the horn arises from one of the four, rather than from them collectively. However, one of the four is not the horn, rather it means from one of the four – a descendant (heir) of one of them.

2.    וַתַּפֵּ֥ל…וַתִּרְמְסֵֽם…וַתִּגְדַּ֖ל (v. 10): These verbs form a series of waw-consecutive constructions, indicating sequential past action in narrative (cf. Waltke & O’Connor).

3.    וְהֻשְׁלַ֖ךְ מְכ֥וֹן מִקְדָּשֽׁוֹ (v. 11): The use of the Hophal passive stem in הֻשְׁלַךְ indicates that the casting down of the sanctuary was permitted by a higher power, rather than accomplished solely by the horn.

4.    בְּפָ֑שַׁע (v. 12): The noun פֶּשַׁע (“transgression”) appears in verses 12 and 13. With the preposition בְּ, it can denote “because of” transgression. The horn is portrayed as both the agent and the consequence of this rebellion.

5.    עַד־מָתַי (v. 13): This interrogative, “How long?” is a recurring motif in apocalyptic literature (cf. Ps 74:10; Rev 6:10), expressing lament and a longing for divine justice.

6.    עַד־עֶרֶב בֹּקֶר (v. 14): The phrase may refer to 1,150 full days (based on sacrificial rhythm) or 2,300 total days. The ambiguity enriches theological reflection. The final verb, וְנִצְדַּק, is Niphal and implies passive vindication—the sanctuary shall be made right.

Conclusion

        Daniel 8:9–14 presents a prophetic vision of escalating rebellion against both earthly and heavenly realms, culminating in divine judgment. The repeated use of the root גָדַל and the imagery of cosmic opposition convey the horn’s pride and ambition. However, the text simultaneously emphasizes the horn’s temporal limitations—2,300 evenings and mornings—underscoring the sovereignty of God and the ultimate vindication of His holiness. This vision, while deeply apocalyptic, functions pastorally as well, offering hope to the faithful that God’s justice will prevail in the end.

Tuesday, April 29, 2025

“Chastening” in the book of Proverbs

Bible Study Outline on “Chastening” in the book of Proverbs.

 

TOPIC: CHASTENING

THEME: Comfort in Chastening for it is the will of God

OUTLINE

A.  Sources of Chastening

1.    Chastening is of the LORD (3:11a)

2.    Chastening is a correction from the LORD (3:11b-12a)

3.    Chastening comes from someone who loves and cares (13: 24; 19:18)

 

B.   Reason of Chastening

1.    Chastening is because of love (3:12; 13:24)

2.    Chastening is because of hope (19:18)

 

C.   Purpose of Chastening

1.    Chastening drives away foolishness (22:15)

2.    Chastening brings forth wisdom (29:15)

3.    Chastening will bring rest and delight to the soul (29:17)

 

D.  Attitude towards Chastening

1.    Stupid person hates chastening (12:1; 9:8)

2.    Sensible person receives chastening (15:5; 9:8)

Prepared on 07 July 2014

Tuesday, April 01, 2025

The Gospel Outline

            A few years ago, I was asked to present the Gospel in five minutes. As I began to write an outline for it, I realized it had become too exhaustive for a five-minute presentation. However, I continued working on it so that I could use it for a sermon someday.

The Gospel Outline

1.     God Created Man with Purpose (Everything has a purpose; failure leads to a dustbin[1])

a.     Creation, Image (Gen 1:27), Purpose – to glorify Him (Isaiah 43:7, Rom 1:21), for good (Gen 1:31), to enjoy God’s presence (Gen 1 and 3).

b.    Man’s withness (illust. of lovers, the elderly; also Gen 2:18). Illust. of Markers and Trashes (Rom 3:12).

2.     Man Rebels Against God (God meant everything for good, but (bad news) man chooses to rebel)

a.     Not worshiping, not giving glory, not withness (glory – Rom 1:21, Rom 3:12). Not reproducing good (though to be fruitful and made in God's image).

b.    Cosmic treason (God’s standard, man’s filthy rags), universal – Rom 3:10; infancy – Ps 51:5; personal – failing to do and not doing (Rom 1:21, Heb 9:27, Rom 14:12).

3.     Verdict: Hell

a.     The seriousness of sin (God’s standard) (Deut. 29:20; 32:22), Man’s fallenness (Illust. of 30% pass mark, good can’t outweigh bad, sin for sin) (Isaiah 64:6; Romans 3:23; Exo. 20:5; Ezekiel 18:20; Rom 6:23; Rom 2:16).

b.    The reality of Hell (absence of God’s favor; exile) (Ps 9:17; Isaiah 14:9; Matt 23:33), eternality – justice, fire, and punishment (inexpressible agony, pains, suffering, and sorrow) (Mark 9:45, 48).

4.     Way of Escape

a.     The desperate condition of man (Eph 2:1, Rom 5:10, Rom 8:8, Eccl 8:11, John 8:21).

b.    Only Jesus as Savior (John 14:6; Acts 4:12).

5.     Justice and Love Demonstrated in Jesus

a.     Man must die (sin for sin – justice) (Gen 2:17; Gen 3:15, 3:21; Rom 6:23; Heb 9:22; Lev 17:11).

b.    The God-Man, Jesus, must die (sin is against God; sin is exhausted in Christ; resurrection). because only He, being both God and man, can fully satisfy the penalty for sin (love-relatedness) (John 3:16-18; Gal 3:13; Heb 10:8-10; 1 John 4:10; Mark 2:7).

6.     Trusting in Jesus

a.     For believers only, and willful damnation for those who reject (John 3:16-18; Eph 2:8-9; John 8:24).

b.    Trusting in and as the only solution (John 14:6; Acts 4:12).

c.     Growing in knowledge of Him (through the Bible, church, of His life and teachings) (John 15:6; Col 3:16; 1 John 2:19).

d.    Repentance and following, (Luke 13:3; 2 Pet 3:9, Acts 8:22; 26:20; 17:30; Luke 5:32).

Conclusion: Isaiah 55:6-7; 2 Cor 6:2; Rom 10:9-10



[1] A marker pen is made to write; when it does not function anymore, we throw it in a dustbin. Similarly, when we are not fulfilling our purpose to glorify God in God’s way, God has the right to throw us in the trash bin to be burned up.

Tuesday, February 18, 2025

‘Brothers, We Are Not Professionals’ by John Piper

 


        John Piper is a pastor to several pastors. This book is written for pastors, but the truth of it is for every Christian. Piper wants everyone, especially the pastors, to recognize that pastors are not professionals. Because professionals are wise, strong, and held in honor, but pastors are fools for Christ’s sake, weak, and outcasts (2). He writes, “Because professionalization carries the connotation of an education, a set of skills, and a set of guild-defined standards which are possible without faith in Jesus. Professionalism is not supernatural. The heart of ministry is” (x).

        This is a book against the pressure to professionalize the pastoral ministry (ix). Piper begins the book with these words, “We pastors are being killed by the professionalizing of the pastoral ministry” (1). It should be mentioned that this is the second edition published in 2013. He was about to retire from the pastorate, with only 10 months left (x). He served the Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota, for 33 years as their pastor. No wonder this book is rich in theological and practical content.

        It has 36 chapters and 288 pages. Each chapter can be read independently. As a matter of fact, I read some of the chapters of this book in 2014 or 2015, but it is only this time that I have read through the whole book. The title of every chapter begins with “Brothers,” appealing to the pastors about what to be mindful of. This book can be understood as 36 pieces of advice for those who are in pastoral ministry. Or 36 pastoral insights Piper has learned in his 33 years of ministry. There is no way to summarize the whole book due to the independent nature of each chapter, however, as Piper has chosen to do so, it is “Brothers, We Are Not Professionals.”

        However, the format of each chapter is the same and is crafted effectively. I must mention again that the title of each chapter serves as advice (or reminders), acting as the main point of the chapter. Each chapter (title page) is introduced with two or more sections of quotations. The first section is usually a scripture passage that serves as the theme of the chapter. The next section is usually a quotation from a well-known person. The other section(s) typically contains a line or sentence from the chapter that captures its tone or the insights of Piper. Therefore, it is recommended that one reads the title page of each chapter carefully. In fact, one can skim through the book if he has paid attention to the title page of each chapter.

        Some chapters are heavily footnoted, while others have none. Some chapters are more theological, and others are more practical. Over the years, I have seen many people cite this book in their sermons, books, blog posts, and journal articles. Each chapter is short, but the exposition and exegesis that Pipers provides are often profound and relevant. Some chapters have a list of prescriptions (or principles). I mean, Piper offers 36 pieces of advice for pastors. One of them is to not confuse uncertainty with humility (chapter 28), and then he goes on to explain six things about humility. He also advice to preach about the evil of abortion (chapter 33), and then he gives 10 arguments to preach against abortion.

        Now, I will highlight (and occasionally comment and interact) the contents of some chapters, while for the other chapters, I will simply mention the titles.

        In the preface, Piper asks, “Is there professional praying? Professional trusting in God’s promises? Professional weeping over souls? Professional musing on the depths of revelation? Professional rejoicing in the truth? … Professional walking by the Spirit? Professional exercise of spiritual . . . Professional patience with everyone?” (ix–x). These are central to the life of a pastoral ministry and must be defined by such a lifestyle. Piper mentions that in his 33 years of ministry, he has never regretted not being professional but regretted not being more prayerful and more passionate for souls (x). It seems to be always the case that all godly people regret not being more prayerful. It is not that they pray less than the others. It is a fact that the Scripture tells us to be prayerful at all times and that it reveals we miss the joy and blessings that come with prayerfulness.

        Chapter 1, ‘Brothers, We Are Not Professionals.’ Piper writes, “The world sets the agenda of the professional man; God sets the agenda of the spiritual man. The strong wine of Jesus Christ explodes the wineskins of professionalism” (3). Piper warns against the danger of wanting to act like professionals in ministry: to be as good as the professional media folks, the anti-heroes, and the winsome comedians.

        Chapter 2, ‘Brothers, God Loves His Glory.’ Piper writes, “God loves His glory more than He loves us, and this is the foundation of His love for us” (6). Piper reminds the readers of the more important theme of the glory of God. Some people preach, “Jesus would die for you even if you were the only person on earth; that’s how much love He has for you.” In reality, God would not save anyone if not for His glory. In fact, there will be many who will be damned in the lake of fire, for the same reason: for His glory. While God’s love for us must be cherished and praised, we must not lose sight of His glory. In other words, to have God-centred theology instead of man-centered theology (9).

        Chapter 3, ‘Brothers, God Is Love.’

        Chapter 4, ‘Brothers, God Does Make Much of Us.’

        Chapter 5, ‘Brothers, Live and Preach Justification by Faith.’ This chapter is longer than most chapters, and it is about imputation. Piper explains that ‘faith is counted as righteousness’ in the sense that ‘faith connects us with Christ who is our righteousness’ (34). Thus, faith is not righteousness, but Christ is. And “God credits righteousness,” not “God credits faith as righteousness” (34). Piper has defended Justification and Imputation in many of his writings and books; however, I am not aware of his extensive writings on the imputation of the active obedience of Christ.

        Chapter 6, ‘Brothers, God Is the Gospel.’ Piper wants the readers to embrace God-centered theology over man-centered theology. In this chapter, he explains six essential truths about the gospel: it is a plan, event, achievement, free offer, application of Christ's achievement, and brings us to God. He cites 2 Corinthians 4:4, 6, and 1 Peter 3:18 to explain God is the Gospel (48).

        Chapter 7, ‘Brothers, Beware of the Debtor’s Ethic.’ I love this chapter because Piper addresses the concern I have with Heidelberg Catechism and some ‘Reformed’ people who use the language of ‘gratitude’ as the motivation for obedience. Somewhere, I have written, “The language ‘out of gratitude’ seems to make the law optional or unnecessary. Actually, the righteous can't be lawless. More than just the language of ‘gratitude,’ it must be said that keeping the law (at least the moral law) is the only way for the righteous; it is not optional, nor a burden, but the delight of the righteous.” Piper calls it ‘debtor’s ethic,’ as expressed in this question: “God has done so much for you; now what will you do for Him?” “He gave you His life; now how much will you give to Him?” (49). He writes, “Any attempt to express a gratitude by paying God back would contradict the nature of His gift as free and gracious” (53). Should we stop preaching gratitude as a motivation? Piper responds, “I leave that for you to answer” (50).

        Chapter 8, ‘Brothers, Tell Them Not to Serve God.’ He writes, “The difference between Uncle Sam and Jesus Christ is that Uncle Sam won’t enlist you in his service unless you are healthy and Jesus won’t enlist you unless you are sick” (57). In other words, “God is not looking for people to work for Him but people who let Him work mightily in and through them” (56). On the Sermon on the Mount, Piper commented that it “is our doctor’s medical advice, not our employer’s job description” (57). Piper cites Psalm 123:2 on how to serve God as “the maid who looks to the hand of her mistress for mercy” (58). He also cites Matthew 6:24 on how Jesus refers to serving money and God (58). Just as we serve money, we must serve God. Piper observes that we do not assist money, but rather “money exerts a certain control over us because it seems to hold out so much promise of happiness . . . Money promises happiness, and we serve it by believing the promise and living by that faith . . . We serve money by doing what is necessary so that money’s power will be at our disposal for our good” (59). Thus, we are to serve God not “by trying to put our power at His disposal for His good but by doing what is necessary so that His power will be ever at our disposal for our good” (59).

        Chapter 9, ‘Brothers, Consider Christian Hedonism.’ Piper critiques Kantian morality, which states that “Acts are good if the doer is “disinterested” (62) He argues that it is good to be interested in doing good things and in pursuing happiness. That “God is most glorified in us when we are most satisfied in Him” is the essence of Christian Hedonism (61).

        Chapter 10, ‘Brothers, Let Us Pray.’

        Chapter 11, ‘Brothers, Beware of Sacred Substitutes’

        Chapter 12, ‘Brothers, Fight for Your Life.’ That is, read theological books. Piper has an interesting calculation, a very practical one, for lazy readers. He suggests reading 20 minutes a day, 6 times a week. A slow reader (and he includes himself) reads 250 words per minute (80). The average book has 400 words on a page; 20 minutes will yield about 12.5 pages. In a year (365-53 Sundays = 312 days), one will read over (312 x 12.5 = 3900 pages), which is about 15 books, assuming an average book has 250 pages. Wow! There is no excuse for pastors or any Christian not to read fewer than 15 books a year. People spend hours on needless activities on social media, phones, etc.

        Chapter 13, ‘Brothers, Be Bible-Oriented—Not Entertainment-Oriented—Preachers.’

        Chapter 14, ‘Brothers, Query the Text.’

        Chapter 15, ‘Brothers, Bitzer Was a Banker.’ Piper desires the D. Min. program to be in Hebrew or Greek exegesis (102). That would be interesting.

        Chapter 16, ‘Brothers, Read Christian Biography.’ Piper considers Hebrews 11 to be a divine mandate to read Christian biographies (106).

        Chapter 17, ‘Brothers, Show Your People Why God Inspired Hard Texts.’ Piper distinguishes the statements between ‘God is love’ and ‘God is good’ (117–119).

        Chapter 18, ‘Brothers, Pursue the Tone of the Text.’

        Chapter 19, ‘Brothers, Save the Saints.’ He writes, “The goal of a pastor is not merely to edify the saints but to save the saints” (126).

        Chapter 20, ‘Brothers, Feel the Truth of Hell.’

        Chapter 21, ‘Brothers, Lead Them to Repentance through Their Pleasure.’ This chapter is interesting. Piper presents repentance as not only a state of hating the sin but also remorse (which arises not just from sinning but also) from the lack of joy in God (such as obedience, delight, perseverance, etc.). He writes,

“True remorse over not having holiness is remorse over not enjoying God and living by the impulses of that joy. To cry over the punishment one is about to receive for wrongdoing is no sign of hating wrong but only hating pain. For crying and contrition to be real and evangelical, it must come from the brokenhearted feelings you have for lacking a life of joy in God, not just from the fearful feelings of being threatened with pain . . .  If crying over something you don’t have is going to show the preciousness of that ‘something’ in itself, then you must really have some delight in it” (142).

        Chapter 22, ‘Brothers, Help Them Act the Miracle.’ Piper has a good exposition on ‘selfishness.’ He observes that selfishness is a reflex to expect to be served; is a reflex to feel that I am owed; is a reflex to want praise; is a reflex to expect that things will go my way; is a reflex to feel that I have the right to react negatively to being crossed. (145). He suggests a way to attack this reflex with A.N.T.H.E.M (150).

        Chapter 23, ‘Brothers, Magnify the Meaning of Baptism.’ Piper recounts how he developed his conviction on baptism in three “stages—not unlike childhood, adolescence, and (I hope) maturity” (156).

        Chapter 24, ‘Brothers, Our Affliction Is for Their Comfort.’ He writes, “Therefore, in our struggle with suffering, it will never be a sufficient comfort to say, ‘It is of Satan and not of God.’ The only genuine comfort will come from acknowledging that the all-powerful God has done it and that He is infinitely wise and infinitely loving to those who trust Him” (165).

        Chapter 25, ‘Brothers, Let the River Run Deep.’

        Chapter 26, ‘Brothers, Don’t Fight Flesh Tanks with Peashooter Regulations.’ He addresses issues such as drinking. He writes, “Schools and clubs and societies can set up any human regulations they wish in order to keep certain people out and preserve, by rule, a particular atmosphere. But the church is not man’s institution. It belongs to Christ. He is the head of the body, and He alone should set the entrance requirements” (177).

        Chapter 27, ‘Brothers, Bodily Training Is of Some Value.’

        Chapter 28, ‘Brothers, Don’t Confuse Uncertainty with Humility.’

        Chapter 29, ‘Brothers, Tell Them Copper Will Do.’

        Chapter 30, ‘Brothers, Help Your People Hold On and Minister in Calamity.’

        Chapter 31, ‘Brothers, Give Them God’s Passion for Missions.’

        Chapter 32, ‘Brothers, Sever the Root of Racism.’ This chapter is informative and intriguing. Piper acknowledges that Martin Luther King is a flawed man, but so is George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison (230). They all have serious issues regarding theology. However, they have also done and spoken some good deeds. If one celebrates others for their good works, why not celebrate Martin Luther King as well? (230).

        Chapter 33, ‘Brothers, Blow the Trumpet for the Unborn.’ Piper’s exposition of Job 31:13–15 is insightful. “Mothers are not the main nurturers and fashioners during the time of gestation, God is, the same God for both slave and free” (247).

        Chapter 34, ‘Brothers, Focus on the Essence of Worship, Not the Form.’

        Chapter 35, ‘Brothers, Love Your Wives.’ Piper includes a poem he wrote for his son’s wedding, “Love Her More and Love Her Less” (279–282).

        And the last chapter, 36, ‘Brothers, Pray for the Seminaries.’ Piper believes that a seminary is known by its faculty, not even by denomination, library, or location (283). And

        The most rewarding chapters for me are the Preface, 1, 8, and 21. As I have mentioned before, each chapter can be read independently; therefore, I intend to read specific chapters again in the future as a reference.

        A PDF version of this book can be downloaded from desiringgod.org. You can click here for the download webpage.

Sunday, October 23, 2022

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